34 Primavera-verano 2013 Summary Trait anger appears to describe the general tendency of individuals to anger across time and situation. Predictions from the state-trait model of anger have been generally confirmed. High trait anger individuals have their anger triggered by more events and experience that anger more frequently and intensely and over longer durations (elicitation, frequency, intensity, and duration hypotheses). High anger individuals tend to dwell on and ruminate about their anger (rumination hypothesis). Their anger is more likely to be expressed in aggressive and less adaptive ways (aggression and reduced positive coping hypotheses) and to eventuate in more frequent and, in some cases, more severe negative consequences (consequence hypothesis). High trait anger individuals, however, are not angry all the time. When conflict, frustration, and provocation are low, no differences between high and low anger individuals are apparent; both are low in experienced anger. However, as stress increases, the groups differentiate with high anger individuals experiencing greater anger in the higher stress situations (person x situation hypothesis). References Alcázar, R. J. (2012). Anger expression and control. Unpublished raw data. Alcázar, R. J., & J. L. Deffenbacher (in press). “High trait anger Mexican youth: Characteristics, parental anger, and counseling needs”. The Spanish Journal of Psychology. Alcázar, R. J., J. L. Deffenbacher & Z. S. Byrne (2011). “Assessing the factor structure of the anger expression inventory (ml-staxi) in a Mexican sample”. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 11, 307-318. Alcázar, R. J., J. L., Deffenbacher, L. Hernández Guzmán & G. Wilson (2011). “High and low trait anger, and the recognition of anger problems”. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14, 851-858. Archer, J. (2004). “Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: A meta-analytic review”. Review of General Psychology, 8, 291-322. Averill, J. R. (1983). “Studies on anger and aggression: Implications for the theories of emotion”. American Psychologist, 38, 1145-1160. Borders, A., M. Earleywine, A. Jajodia (2010). “Could mindfulness decrease anger, hostility and aggression by decreasing rumination?” Aggressive Behavior, 36, 28-44. Deffenbacher, J. L. (2009). “Angry drivers: Characteristics and clinical interventions”. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, 26, 5-16. Deffenbacher, J. L., M. E. Huff, R. S. Lynch & E. R. Oetting (2000). “Characteristics and treatment of high-anger drivers”. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 5-17. Deffenbacher, J. L., & J. A. Kellaway (2010, August). “Prediction of the frequency of anger consequences”. Paper presented at the 118th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Diego, California. Deffenbacher, J. L. & J. A. Kellaway (2011, August). “Individual differences and the severity of anger consequences”. Paper presented at the 119th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C. Deffenbacher, J. L., E. R. Oetting, G. A. Thwaites, R. S. Lynch, D. A. Baker, R. Stark, et al., (1996). “State-trait theory and the utility of the trait anger scale”. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 131-148. Hazebroek, J. F., K. Howells, & A. Day (2001). “Cognitive appraisals associated with high trait anger”. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 31-45. Spielberger, C. D. (1988). Manual for the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. _______ (1999). Manual for the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-Revised. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Tafrate, R. C., H. Kassinove & L. Dundin (2002). “Anger episodes in high- and low-trait anger community adults”. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 1573-1590. Wilkowski, B. M. & M. D. Robinson (2010). “The anatomy of anger: An integrative cognitive model of trait anger and reactive aggression”. Journal of Personality, 78, 9-38. Wilkowski, B. M., M. D. Robinson & W. Troop-Gordon (2010). “How does cognitive control reduce anger and aggression? The role of conflict monitoring and forgiveness processes”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 830-840. When conflict, frustration, and provocation are low, no differences between high and low anger individuals are apparent Fotografía: stockfreeimages.com
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